links historical and contemporary archival sources, social surveys, genealogies, inscriptions, and oral histories to create large individual level panel datasets extending from late imperial to contemporary China. The research emphasizes how despite recent profound political, social, and economic changes, many distinctive institutions and patterns of demographic behavior, stratification, and social mobility persist from China's imperial past. Includes (1) China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset, Shuangcheng (CMGPD-SC), 1866-1913 and (2) China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset, Liaoning (CMGPD-LN), 1749-1909.